m 

2117 

Kss 


UC-NRLF 


ATIN   PRONUNCIATIOr 


D.     B.     KIN  G 


/^77^ 


GTH 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OE  CALIFORNIA 


IN  MEMORY  OF 

PROFESSOR  WILLIAM  MERRILL 

AND 

MRS.  IMOGENE  MERRILL 

EDUCATION  LIBH. 


LATIN   PRONUNCIATION: 


A    BRIEF   OUTLINE 


ROMAN,  CONTINENTAL,  AND  ENGLISH  METHODS, 


BY 


Adjunct  Professor  of  Latin  in  Lafayette  College. 


BOSTON,   U.S.A.: 

PUBLISHED   BY   GINN  &  COMPANY. 

1891. 


s  EDUCATION  IIBBt 

I 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1880,  by 

D.  B.  KING, 
in  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington, 


GIFT 


Typography  by  J.  S.  Gushing  &  Co.,  Boston,  U.S.A. 


Prbsswork  by  Ginn  &  Co.,  Boston,  U.S.A. 


B-<dLuutj. 


PREFACE, 


THE  following  pages  contain  a  few  explanatory  and 
historical  paragraphs  on  the  Roman,  Continental, 
and  English  methods  of  pronouncing  Latin,  and  a  brief 
presentation  of  the  main  features  of  each. 

The  character  and  arrangement  of  the  studies  in  Eng- 
lish and  Comparative  Philology  at  Lafayette  College  make 
it  desirable  that  students  should  have  a  knowledge  of  both 
the  Roman  and  the  English  methods.  The  students  are 
carefully  taught  in  practice  to  use  the  English  method,  and 
to  give  the  rules  for  the  sound  of  the  letters,  this  having 
been  found  a  valuable  aid  in  teaching  English  Pronunci- 
ation and  the  Philology  of  the  English  language.  A  knowl- 
edge of  the  Roman  method,  giving  the  sounds,  in  the 
main,  as  we  believe  Cicero  and  Virgil  gave  them,  is  re- 
quired, as  a  matter  of  historical  information  and  culture, 
and  as  an  important  aid  in  determining  the  derivations  of 
words  and  the  laws  of  phonetic  change,  and  in  illustrating 
the  principles  of  Comparative  Philology. 

We  have  therefore  needed  for  the  use  of  our  students 
a  somewhat   fuller   presentation   of  both   methods   than  is 

3 

M690814 


4  PREFACE. 

found  in  the  grammars  in  common  use.  I  have  thought 
that  a  brief  outUne  of  the  three  methods  used  in  this 
country  might  be  of  some  interest  and  value  to  those  who 
are  learning  to  pronounce  Latin,  —  supplementing  the  facts 
given  in  the  ordinary  grammars,  —  and  to  those  who  desire 
some  general  information  on  the  subject. 

D.  B.  K. 

Lafayette  College, 
Easton,  Pa.,  January  2j,  1880. 


THE   ROMAN   METHOD. 

THE  Roman  method  aims  to  give  the  letters  the  same 
sounds  as  were  heard  from  educated  speakers  in  the 
Augustan  period.  The  chief  means  of  ascertaining  these 
sounds  are;  (i)  The  statements  of  ancient  writers,  —  par- 
ticularly the  grammarians  ;  (2)  The  traditions  of  scholars, — 
particularly  the  monks ;  (3)  The  Greek  representations  of 
the  Latin  sounds ;  (4)  The  orthography  of  the  language  it- 
self; (5)  The  pronunciation  of  the  Italian,  Spanish,  Portu- 
guese, and  French,  —  the  descendants  of  the  Latin;  and, 
(6)  The  general  principles  of  Phonology. 

(i)  Varro,  Cicero,  Quintilian,  Velius  Longus,  and  many 
other  writers  have  undertaken  to  describe  or  have  made  inci- 
dental allusions  to  the  sounds  of  the  letters.  These  writers,  it 
seems,  knew  comparatively  little  about  the  physiology  of  the 
organs  of  speech  and  the  laws  of  Phonology.  This  lack  of 
knowledge,  added  to  the  difficulty  always  found  of  intelligibly 
describing  vocal  sounds,  and  the  obscure  and  sometimes 
apparently  contradictory  statements  of  the  writers,  some  of 
whom  lived  centuries  apart,  makes  corroborative  testimony 
from  other  sources  quite  necessary. 

(2)  The  natural  tendency  to  conform  the  sounds  of  the 
letters  of  another  language  to  the  sounds  of  the  same  letters 
similarly  situated  in  one's  own  speech,  makes  the  traditional 
pronunciation  rather  unreliable.  The  constant  and  unbroken 
use  of  the  Latin,  in  the  services  gf  the  Roman  church,  makes 
a  tradition  of  some  value,  though  the  priests  no  doubt  very 
often  conformed  the  pronunciation  of  the  Latin  to  their  own 

5 


6  LATIN   PRONUNCIATION. 

vernaculars,  as  we  find  them  doing  now.  The  rhymes  of  the 
Latin  hymns  belong  to  so  recent  a  period  as  to  be  of  scarcely 
any  value  in  determining  the  pronunciation  of  the  Augustan 
Latin. 

(3)  The  Greeiv  representations  01  the  Latin  sounds  are 
a  great  aid  in  determining  the  character  of  the  latter,  and 
would  be  still  more  valuable  if  we  knew  just  how  the  Greeks 
pronounced  all  the  letters. 

(4)  It  is  generally  conceded  that  the  orthography  of  the 
Latin  was  for  the  most  part  phonetic.  No  doubt  there  were 
many  exceptions,  and,  we  know,  there  were  not  a  few  varia- 
tions and  changes  from  time  to  time.  Julius  Caesar,  Augustus, 
and  Claudius  revised  the  orthography  in  the  direction  of  the 
phonetic  method.  And  yet  we  find  inscriptions  and  mis- 
spellings— -apparently  phonetic  —  differing  from  the  estab- 
lished orthography^,("  Cacography  is  always  a  surer  guide  to 
pronunciation  than  orthography."  —  Ellis).  It  may  be  that 
these  variations  in  spelling  sometimes  indicate  different  pro- 
nunciations, rather  than  differences  between  the  accepted 
orthography  and  the  phonetic  representation  of  the  common 
pronunciation.  What  we  know  of  Latin  orthography  applies 
mainly  to  the  first  century  of  the  Christian  Era.  We  do  not 
have  full  and  accurate  information  in  regard  to  the  orthog- 
raphy of  Cicero  and  Virgil. 

(5)  Some  consideration  must  be  given  to  the  sounds  of 
the  letters  as  heard  in  the  words  —  mostly  proper  names  — 
preserved  entire  in  the  lineal  descendents  of  the  Latin,  par- 
ticularly in  the  Italian.  It  cannot,  of  course,  be  assumed 
that  the  exact  sounds  have  been  preserved  unchanged,  even 
where  the  orthography  is  precisely  the  same  in  the  Latin  and 
in  one  or  more  of  the  Romance  languages,  any  more  than 
it  follows  that  words  spelled  alike  by  Chaucer  and  Shake- 
speare were  pronounced  exactly  alike  by  both. 


THE  ROMAN   METHOD.  7 

(6)  The  general  principles  of  Phonology,  and  the  laws  of 
change  derived  from  the  study  and  comparison  of  the  lan- 
guages of  the  Indo-European  family,  are  a  very  valuable  aid 
in  deciding  doubtful  points  and  correcting  errors  into  which 
other  clews  might  lead. 

During  the  past  thirty  years,  there  has  been  much  careful 
and  profound  investigation  into  these  sources  of  information, 
and  very  diligent  comparison  of  the  knowledge  obtained. 
Corssen  in  Germany,  Roby,  Ellis,  Munro,  and  Palmer  in 
England,  and  Haldeman,  Blair,  Richardson,  and  others  in 
this  country  have  wrought  wonders  in  elucidating  obscure 
points,  and  have,  without  doubt,  succeeded  in  bringing  to 
light  the  main  features  of  the  Augustan  pronunciation.  The 
ordinary  sounds  of  most  of  the  letters  have  been  ascertained. 
A  few  points,  however,  are  still  in  doubt.  There  were  probably 
many  exceptions  and  variations  and  changes  from  time  to 
time,  as  there  are  in  all  languages.  Scientific  phonologists, 
who  are  accustomed  to  note  and  measure  with  great  nicety 
very  slight  differences  of  sound,  will  probably  never  be  fully 
able  to  agree  in  regard  to  the  precise  sounds  of  some  of  the 
letters,  though  additional  facts  may  be  brought  out  by  their 
discussions.  The  knowledge  already  obtained  enables  us  to 
form  a  much  better  idea  of  the  rhythm  and  harmony  of  the 
grand  old  Latin,  and  is  of  great  interest  and  value  to  archae- 
ologists and  philologists.  Many  still  prefer  the  English 
method  for  practical  purposes.  No  one,  however,  who  lays 
claim  to  Latin  scholarship,  should  be  ignorant  of  the  leading 
features  of  the  Roman. 

A  few  years  ago  considerable  interest  in  the  adoption  of  a 
reformed  method  of  pronunciation  sprung  up  in  England. 
The  syllabus  of  Professors  Munro  and  Palmer  was  issued  at 
the  request  of  the  head  masters  of  the  grammar  schools,  and 
some  effort  was  made  to  introduce  the  new  system.     The 


8  LATIN   PRONUNCIATION. 

interest  in  the  new  method  seems,  however,  to  be  dying  out 
in  England,  the  head  masters  having  in  many  cases  gone 
back  to  the  old  method,  and  no  serious  attempt  having  been 
made  to  introduce  the  new  pronunciation  into  Cambridge 
and  Oxford.  In  this  country  its  introduction  has  been 
much  more  general. ^ 

The  following  outline  of  the  main  features  of  the  method 
will  be  sufficient  for  practical  purposes  :  — 

VOWELS. 

The  long  and  short  vowels  differed  only  in  quantity,  not 

in  quality. 

a  has  the  sound  of  a  in  father. 

a  "  "  a  "  jar, 

0  "  "  ^   "  home. 
6  "  "  i7   "  wholly, 
u  "  "  ti  "  brute. 
tt  "  "  u  ''full. 

e  "  "  a  "  fate. 

6  "  ''  e  "  then'} 

i  "  "  i  "■  caprice. 

1  "  "  i  "  thin? 

y  has  a  sound  intermediate  between  the  vowel  sounds  heard  in  thin 
And  moon} 

1  Those  who  wish  to  pursue  the  study  of  this  method  further  will  find 
interesting  information  and  discussions  in  Corssen's  Ueber  Ausprache, 
Vokalismus  und  betonung  Lateinischen  Sprache ;  Roby's  Latin  Grammar, 
Vol.  I. ;  Syllabus  of  Latin  Pronunciation,  by  Professors  Munro  and  Palmer ; 
Haldeman's  Latin  Pronunciation;  Blair's  Latin  Pronunciation;  J.  F. 
Richardson's  Roman  Orthoepy ;  Fisher's  Three  Pronunciations  of  Latin ; 
W.  W.  Story  On  the  Pronunciation  of  the  Latin  Language  (N.  A.  Review, 
1879)  ;  and  Some  Practical  Hints  on  the  Quantitative  Pronunciation  of 
Latin,  A.  J.  Ellis. 

2  "em  met,  lengthened"  (Roby).  3  «•  ei  in  deceit"  (Haldeman). 
4  '>  as  Ger.  w,  but  inclining  to  /,  e.g.  Muller,  which  is  nearer  to  Miller 

than  Muller  "  (Roby). 


THE  ROMAN   METHOD. 


DIPHTHONGS. 


The  diphthongs,  commonly  found  in  Latin,  are  ae,  oe,  an, 
and  eu,  Ou  is  rarely  found,  u  having  taken  its  place.  Oi 
is  rarely  found  except  in  inscriptions  before  the  first  century, 
B.C.  Each  element  should  be  heard,  and  the  two  closely 
united  in  pronunciation. ^ 

au  has  the  sound  of  ow  in  town. 
ou       "  "  0     "  no. 

eu        "  "  ew  "  few. 

ai        "  "         i     "  pine   (originally,    but    changed    subse- 

quently to  that  of  a  in  fate). 

oi  has  the  sound  of  oi  in  voice. 
oe        "  "  oy  "  boy? 

ei         "  "         ey   "  they. 

ui         '*  "         we  "  we. 


CONSONANTS. 

C  and  g  are  always  hard,  as  in  can,  get. 
b  before  s  has  the  sound  of  p. 
s  has  the  sound  of  s  in  thus. 
j  has  the  sound  of  y  in  yes? 

n  before  c,  g,  q,  and  x  is  pronounced  as  in  English,  anchor,  anger, 
relinquish,  anxious. 

XL  (v),  with  the  sound  of  w,  occurs  after  q,  g,  s,  /,  and  r. 
V  has  the  sound  of  w  in  want.^ 

r  is  always  trilled.     The  r  sound  in  burr  approaches  it. 
X  has  the  sound  of  ks. 


1  There  is  considerable  difference  of  opinion  in  regard  to  the  precise 
sounds  of  some  of  the  diphthongs,  and  the  best  English  illustrations  of  them. 

2  "  f?  in  world,  or  i  in  whirl  "  (Blair) ;  "  a  in  fate  "  (Gildersleeve) ;  "  owy 
in  showy"  (Haldeman). 

3  See  Roby,  Vol.  I,  pp.  xliii-lii. 

4  Roby  thinks  this  was  its  sound, "  originally,  at  least."    But  see  Max 
Miiller  in  Academy,  1871. 


lO  LATIN   PRONUNCIATION. 

2  has  the  sound  of  z  in  zenith} 

m  at  the  end  of  a  word  was  sometimes  almost,  sometimes  quite 
inaudible.^ 

ph,  ch,  and  th  (occurring  in  Greek  words  mostly)  represent  the 
sounds  of  <|>,  x>  and  6,  and  have  sounds  similar  to  those  of  ph^  kh,  and 
th,  in  uphill,  blockhead,  and  hothouse. 

Other  consonants  are  pronounced  as  in  English. 


THE    CONTINENTAL   METHOD. 

The  Latin  language  was  introduced  among  the  nations 
which  Rome  conquered,  by  soldiers,  colonists,  traders,  gov- 
ernors, magistrates,  books,  teachers,  and  missionaries  (loo 
B.C.-400  A.D.) .  During  the  first  few  centuries  its  use  seems 
to  have  become  pretty  general  in  the  western  part  of  the 
»- Empire.  In  France,  Spain,  Italy,  and  Portugal,  in  time,  it 
became,  in  a  corrupted  form,  the  language  of  the  common 
people,  who  seem,  for  the  most  part,  to  have  been  ignorant 
of  the  literary  Latin  from  the  seventh  to  the  eleventh  century. 
In  this  period  the  Romance  languages  had  their  rise,  though 
their  beginnings  were  doubtless  much  earlier.  The  rulers  did 
something  and  the  church  a  great  deal  toward  keeping  alive 
a  knowledge  of  the  Latin.  Ecclesiastical  correspondence 
and  the  church  services  were  conducted  in  Latin,  and  Latin 
seems  to  have  been  the  language  of  whatever  learning  there 
was  in  this  period.  Subsequently,  on  the  revival  of  learning 
(eleventh  century),  Latin  became  the  language  of  Philos- 
ophy, Theology,  Law,  Diplomacy,  and  Science.  During  the 
last  two  or  three  centuries  it  has  given  place  for  these  pur- 
poses to  the  modern  languages,  being  no  longer  used  as  a 

1  This  seems  to  be  the  view  of  Corssen  and  Curtius.     Roby  thinks  it 
had  the  sound  of/  in  just. 

2  See  Ellis's  Quantitative  Pronunciation  of  Latin,  pp.  43-73. 


THE  CONTINENTAL  METHOD.  II 

medium  of  communication  between  scholars,  except  on  rare 
occasions. 

The  Roman  alphabetic  writing  was  in  many  cases  intro- 
duced along  with  the  Latin  language.  The  pronunciation 
of  the  educated  classes  at  Rome,  in  the  best  period  of  the 
Latin,  differed  from  that  of  the  populace.  There  were, 
besides,  different  dialects  in  Italy  and  provinciahsms.  What 
and  how  great  these  diversities  were,  it  is  impossible  now  to 
ascertain  with  accuracy.  The  Italian  probably  retains  some 
of  the  peculiarities  of  the  rustic  pronunciation.  It  is  pretty 
certain  that  in  some  of  the  dialects  of  the  folk-speech  c 
and  g  before  e,  i,  and  y  had  the  sounds  somewhat  like  s 
and//  that  c  and  g  were  often  interchanged, —  originally 
one  character,  c,  was  used,  g  was  a  comparatively  late  de- 
velopment, —  that  y  between  two  vowels  had  the  sound 
of  s,  —  this  occurred  sometimes  in  the  speech  of  the  edu- 
cated,—  and  that  /  was  sometimes  assibilated  with  the  fol- 
lowing /.  There  seem  to  have  been,  also,  variations  of 
vowel  sounds  and  of  intonation.  We  may  be  sure  that  for- 
eigners who  undertook  to  learn  Latin,  did  not  always  hear 
the  literary  pronunciation,  and  that  each  nation  corrupted 
by  its  own  peculiarities  the  pronunciation  it  had  received. 
There  was  a  constant  tendency  on  the  part  of  those  who 
spoke  different  dialects  of  the  Latin,  as  well  as  those  who 
learned  Latin  from  others,  to  conform  the  pronunciation  of 
th$  literary  language,  as  they  found  it  in  books,  to  that  of 
their  own  tongues,  giving  the  letters  the  sounds  commonly 
heard  in  their  own  speech.  This  tendency,  though  counter- 
acted in  various  ways,  in  time  produced  great  diversities, 
diminishing  the  value  of  the  Latin  as  a  medium  of  oral  com- 
munication. "  One  would  have  thought  all  Babel  had  come 
together,"  is  Erasmus's  remark  on  the  attempt,  in  his  time, 
of  the  European  ambassadors  to  converse  in  Latin.  These 
diversities  are  still  found  in  the  methods  of  pronunciation 


12 


LATIN   PRONUNCIATION. 


practiced  by  continental  nations,  each  one  modifying  the 
pronunciation  of  Latin  according  to  the  peculiarities  of  its 
own  speech. 

The  differences  in  the  sounds  of  the  vowels  are  not  very 
great.  Differences  in  intonation  or  accent,  and  in  the 
sounds  of  the  consonants,  are  of  more  importance.  The 
following  are  the  chief  peculiarities  in  the  sounds  of  the 
consonants  :  — 

In  German,  before  ^,  /,  and  y,  c  =  ts  ;  in  French  and  Por- 
tuguese, s  in  sin  ;  in  Italian,  ch  in  chin  ;  in  Spanish,  tli  in  thin. 
In  German,  before  e,  /,  and  JJ^,  ^  =  ^  in  gmi^  with  some  varia- 
tions ;  in  French  and  Portuguese,  s  in  pleasure  ;  in  Italian,  g 
in  gin  ;  in  Spanish,  g  guttural.  In  German  and  Italian,/  =  y 
myet ;  in  French  and  Portuguese,  s  m  pleasure  ;  in  Spanish, 
ch  guttural.  In  German,  z'  =  /,  elsewhere,  English  v.  In 
German,  sometimes,  particularly  in  words  ending  in  -tion, 
t=  ts  ;  in  French,  in  the  combinations  -tion,  -tial,  and  a  few 
others,  s  in  sin  ;  in  Italian  it  sometimes  has  the  sound  of  ts  ; 
in  Portuguese  it  is  always  hard.  Variations  also  occur  in 
the  sounds  of  s  and  x,  and  of  some  of  the  other  consonants. 

The  following  is  an  outline  of  the  method  commonly 
known  in  this  country  as  the  Continental :  — 


VOWELS. 

a  has  the  sound 

of  a 

in  father. 

a 

" 

a 

"  fat 

e 

(( 

ey 

"   they. 

e 

" 

e 

"  pet. 

i 

" 

i 

"   caprice. 

i 

(( 

i 

"  pit. 

o 

" 

0 

"    7iote. 

6 

(( 

0 

"   not. 

u 

« 

11 

"    rtile. 

tt        " 

« 

u 

"   rut. 

THE  ENGLISH   METHOD.  13 

These  sounds  are  frequently  somewhat  modified  by  the 
consonants  which  follow  them.  Some  of  those  who  use  the 
method  give  /,  o,  and  u  the  short  sounds  when  a  consonant 
follows  in  the  same  syllable,  even  though  the  vowels  are  long 
in  quantity. 

DIPHTHONGS. 

ae  and  oe  have  the  sound  of  ey  in  they. 
ai     "      ei       "       "         "  i     "   ice. 

au  has      "        "  on  "   out. 

eu  -  "         "         "  eu  "  feud. 

OU  "         "         "  0     "    no. 

ui  "         "         "  we  "  we. 

CONSONANTS. 

c  and  g  before  ^,  i^y,  ae^  and  oe  are  pronounced  like  s  and  j ;  and 
in  other  situations,  as  in  can  and  go. 

s  is  always  like  s  in  sin. 

u  before  a  vowel  has  the  sound  of  w,  after  q,  often  after  g^  and 
sometimes  after  s. 


THE   ENGLISH   METHOD. 

The  Latin  letters  formed  the  basis  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 
Alphabet,  Roman  alphabetic  writing  having  been  intro- 
duced by  the  missionaries  in  the  sixth  century.  (See 
Marches  Anglo-Saxon  Grammar,  pp.  1-2).  The  letters  had 
the  same  sounds  as  belonged  in  general  to  the  literary  Latin 
of  that  period,  c  and  g  were  always  pronounced  as  in  can  and 
gun,  i  {j)  before  a  vowel  was  pronounced  like  y  in  yet,  r 
was  trilled,  —  the  r  sound  in  burr  approaches  it,  —  and  the 
vowel  sounds  were  more  like  those  now  commonly  heard  on 
the  continent.     Changes  were  gradually  made  in  the  pro- 


14  LATIN   PRONUNCIATION. 

nunciation  of  the  words  and  in  the  power  of  the  letters.  The 
assibilation  of  c,  g,  s,  x,  and  t  took  place,  mainly  through 
Romanic  influences  (March's  Anglo-Saxon  Grammar,  pp. 
20-22)  ;  there  was  a  shifting  of  the  vowel  sounds,  by  which 
the  open  vowels  became  closer  and  the  close  more  open 
or  lengthened  into  diphthongs,  and  the  trilled  r  was  softened 
to  the  sound  now  commonly  given  to  r.  There  was  from 
the  first  a  tendency  to  conform  the  pronunciation  of  the 
Latin,  which  was  used  in  the  church  services,  to  the  changes 
in  the  popular  speech;  though,  through  the  influence  of 
foreign  priests,  teachers,  and  intercourse,  the  Latin  lagged 
behind  the  vernacular  in  making  changes.  On  the  revival 
of  the  study  of  the  classics  in  England  (1490-),  when  every 
gentlemen  was  supposed  to  know  Latin  and  Greek,  the  ordi- 
nary sounds  of  the  letters  as  used  in  English  were  generally 
given  in  pronouncing  Latin.  The  pronunciation  of  the 
Latin,  like  that  of  the  English  and  living  languages  in 
general,  was  taught  by  an  oral  tradition.  The  tendency, 
however,  to  pronounce  after  the  fashion  of  some  of  the 
nations  on  the  continent,  prevailed  among  the  clergy  before 
the  reformation,  and  among  diplomats  and  others  who  held 
frequent  intercourse  with  foreign  scholars,  and  probably 
retarded  the  changes  which  the  pronunciation  of  the  English 
was  all  the  while  undergoing.  After  the  reformation  in 
England,  when  the  Latin  ceased  to  be  used  in  the  liturgy  of 
the  church  (1550),  and  when  its  use  as  the  language  of 
Philosophy,  Theology,  Diplomacy,  Law,  and  Science,  had 
ceased  to  be  general  (exact  dates  are,  for  the  most  part, 
wanting,  —  Bacon  and  Newton  used  Latin  for  their  philo- 
sophical and  scientific  works ;  Milton  was  Latin  Secretary? 
and  protested  against  the  then  modern  English  fashion  of 
pronouncing  Latin  ;  the  records  of  the  courts,  except  for  a 
brief  interval,  were  made  in  Latin  until  1730),  the  conformity 


THE  ENGLISH   METHOD.  15 

of  the  sounds  of  the  letters  in  Latin,  to  the  sounds  of  the 
same  letters  in  similar  situations  in  English,  became  more 
complete.  But  little  change  has  taken  place  in  these  sounds 
since  the  publication  of  Walker's  Dictionary,  and  the  rules 
given  by  Walker  for  the  pronunciation  of  English  form  the 
basis  of  the  English  method,  as  now  taught. 

No  one,  of  course,  claims  that  the  sounds  given  by  this 
method  are  the  same  as  those  given  to  the  same  letters  by 
the  Romans  of  Cicero's  time,  nor  that  by  it  alone  an  elegant 
or  even  a  correct  pronunciation  of  English  can  be  acquired. 
There  is  no  language  whose  pronunciation  can  be  learned 
accurately  by  rule.  The  English  is  particularly  full  of  pecu- 
liarities and  exceptions.  And  yet  the  English  method  of 
pronouncing  Latin  affords  an  excellent  opportunity  for  drill 
in  some  of  the  most  important  principles  of  English  pronun- 
ciation, and  is  besides  an  excellent  discipline.  It  is  therefore 
of  practical  value  to  English-speaking  people.  Whatever  will 
give  us  a  more  ready  and  accurate  use  of  our  mother  tongue 
is  a  gain. 

A  very  large  proportion  of  our  words,  —  proper  names, 
philosophical,  theological,  legal,  technical,  and  scientific 
terms,  —  as  well  as  a  very  large  number  of  the  words  in  com- 
mon use,  are  found  in  the  same  or  in  a  slightly  different  form 
in  Latin.  Great  confusion  in  the  pronunciation  of  English 
must  ultimately  result  from  the  constant  practice,  on  the  part 
of  students,  of  using  for  these  words  in  the  Latin  a  pronun- 
ciation differing  so  much  from  the  English.  Thus  far  some 
effort  has  been  made,  on  the  part  of  some  who  practice  the 
Roman  method,  to  avoid  this  confusion,  by  giving  the  English 
sounds  in  pronouncing  proper  names  that  are  in  common 
use  in  English,  and  that  are  found  in  the  same  form  in 
EngUsh  and  Latin.  But  it  is  not  easy  to  teach  students 
always  to  make  this  distinction.     The  tendency  will  naturally 


l6  LATIN   PRONUNCIATION. 

be  to  pronounce  proper  names  whose  spelling  has  not  been 
changed,  even  when  used  as  English  words,  according  to 
the  Roman  method.  Scientific  and  technical  terms  will 
in  time  share  the  same  fate,  and  many  other  words  will 
doubtless  follow  the  fashion.  It  is  hard  to  draw  the  line. 
Those  who  have  practised  the  Continental  method  .often 
show  peculiarities  in  the  sounds  of  their  vowels,  substituting 
occasionally  a  continental  for  an  English  vowel.  And  now, 
though  the  new  pronunciation  is  just  coming  into  use,  we 
begin  to  hear  complaints  of  uncouth  consonantal  sounds 
introduced  through  its  influence. 

The  unusualness  of  the  sounds  of  the  words,  even  of 
those  whose  derivatives  are  very  familiar  in  EngHsh,  when 
pronounced  by  the  Roman  or  a  Continental  method,  makes 
the  Latin  seem  very  remote  and  strange,  —  quite  an  unknown 
tongue  to  boys.  But  when  the  English  sounds  are  given  to 
Latin  words,  most  of  which  are  found  in  some  form  in  Eng- 
lish, the  words  and  language  seem  much  nearer  and  more 
closely  allied  to  our  own.  The  general  adoption  of  the  Roman 
or  a  Continental  method  would  therefore  be  likely  to  deter 
some  students  from  beginning  the  study  of  Latin.  Then,  in 
many  cases,  beginners  would  not  see  so  quickly  the  relation 
of  the  Latin  to  the  English  words,  and  the  first  steps  in  the 
study  of  Latin  would  in  consequence  often  be  less  pleasant 
and  profitable.  Too  few  now  study  Latin.  It  would  be  a 
pity  to  deter  any  from  beginning,  and  retard  others  in  pur- 
suing the  study  of  the  language  by  adopting  a  system  of 
pronunciation  that  sounds  strange  to  English  ears.  If  Eng- 
lish spelling  reformers  succeed  in  getting  English  people  to 
adopt  a  system  of  phonetic  spelling,  it  will  then  be  desirable 
to  adopt  the  Roman  or  phonetic  system  for  the  Latin  also. 

The  following  rules,  —  taken  in  part  from  Harkness's  and 
Andrews  and  Stoddard's  Latin  Grammars,  —  comprise  the 


THE  ENGLISH   METHOD.  I  7 

main  features  of  the  English  method.  Some  of  them  are 
of  extensive  and  general  application  in  English,  some  have 
but  few  applications,  and  to  others  there  are  many  excep- 
tions. Proper  names,  and  other  words  derived  from  the 
Latin  with  little  or  no  change,  will  be  found  to  furnish  the 
best  illustrations  of  the  application  of  these  rules  to  English 
words. 

VOWELS. 

The  long  sounds  are  those  heard  in  the  Enghsh  words, 
mate  J  mete,  mite,  mote,  mute,  and  type ;  the  short  sounds, 
those  heard  in  7nat,  met,  fit,  not,  nut,  and  myth.  These 
sounds  are  sometimes  modified  by  the  combinations  of  con- 
sonants which  accompany  them  :  — 

I.  Final  vowels  have  their  long  English  sounds  ;  ^  te,  belli, 
bello,  fructu. 

(a)  a  final  or  unaccented  has  the  sound  of  a  in  Cuba;  amicay 
America. 

(i&)  Some  give  a  final  in  monosyllables  the  long  sound,  and  both  z's  in  tibi  and 
sibi  the  short  sounds. 

II.  In  final  syllables  ending  in  a  consonant,  vowels  have 
their  short  English  sounds  ;  mensds,  servis,  compos,  servus, 

(c)  In  es  final,  os  final  in  plurals,  and  in  post,  the  vowels  have  their 
long  sounds  ;   quies,  Hercules,  servos. 

(d)  When  one  part  of  a  compound  is  entire,  and  ends  in  a  conso- 
nant, a  vowel  before  such  consonant  has  the  same  sound  as  in  the 
simple  word  ;   velut,  sicut,  abit,  alpesque,  postquam. 

\Q)  For  purposes  of  pronunciation,  eiiam  and  quoniatn  are  not  considered  as 
compounds. 

\f)    o  in  derivatives  of  Post  has  the  short  sound. 

III.  In  a  penultimate  or  in  an  unaccented  syllable,  not 
final,  a  vowel  before  a  single  consonant,  or  a  mute  followed 

1  The  marks  —  and  u  indicate  long  and  short  sounds,  and  have  no 
reference  to  quantity. 


1 8  LATIN   PRONUNCIATION. 

by  /  or  r,  has  its  long  English  sound ;  satis,  agrum,  debeba- 
tur,  memoria,  metropolis, 

(g-)  i  or  y,  in  any  unaccented  syllable  except  the  first  or  last,  has 
its  short  sound  ;   immicus,  jusHtta, 

(h)  i,  in  the  first  syllable  of  a  word,  when  followed  by  an  accented 
vowel,  has  its  long  sound;  sometimes,  also,  when  it  stands  alone  before 
a  single  consonant ;   Ionia,  'idea,  Italia,  divinus. 

(Jl)  u,  when  followed  by  bl,  and  a,  e,  i,  or  o,  when  followed  by  gt  or 
//,  has  its  short  sound  ;   Sudticiiis,  atlas. 

IV.  Before  another  vowel,  or  a  diphthong,  a  vowel  has  its 
long  English  sound ;  ~ea,  habeo,  ?iihilo  {h  is  not  regarded  as 
a  consonant) . 

(For  a,  i,  and  y,  unaccented,  see  Q>,  f,  g,  and  -&.) 

( j)  u,  when  followed  by  a  vowel,  has  the  sound  of  w,  after  q,  often 
after  ^,  and  sometimes  after  s;  quis,  lingua,  suadeo. 

(k)  When  i  follows  an  accented  a,  e,  o,  or  y,  and  is  followed  by 
another  vowel,  it  has  the  sound  of  y  in  yet ;  Maia,  Pompeia,  Troia, 
Ilithyia. 

V.  Before  x,  or  any  two  consonants,  except  a  mute  fol- 
lowed by  /  or  r,  a  vowel  in  any  syllable  has  its  short  English 
sound ;  axis,  tste^ 

VI.  Before  one  or  more  consonants  in  any  accented  syl-' 
lable,  except  the  penult^  a  vowel  has  its  short  English  sound  ; 
inimicus,  debitor. 

(i)  a,  e,  or  o,  followed  by  a  single  consonant  or  a  mute  before  / 
or  r,  followed  by  e,  i,  or  y  before  another  vowel,  has  its  long  sound : 
alius,  etiam,  odium. 

(222)  u,  in  any  syllable  except  the  last,  before  a  single  consonant 
or  a  Inute  followed  by  /  or  r  (except  bl),  has  the  long  sound  ;  niulii- 
tudinis,  Rutulus,  ptiblicus. 

in)  a,  preceded  by  qii,  and  followed  by  dr  or  rt,  is  pronounced  as 
in  the  English  words  quadrant  and  quart. 

(o)  e,  i,  and  u,  before  r  final,  or  r  followed  by  another  conson- 
ant, are  pronounced  as  in  the  English  words  her,  fir,  and  pur. 


THE  ENGLISH   METHOD.  I9 

DIPHTHONGS. 

ae  and  oe  have  the  sounds  e  would  have  in  the  same  situation; 
Caesar^  AenaeaCy  Daedalus,  Oedipus,  Oeta. 

au  has  the  sound  of  au  in  author ;  auctor. 

eu  has  the  sound  of  eu  in  neuter ;  neuter. 

ei  has  the  sound  of  ei  in  height;  hei. 

oi  has  the  sound  of  oi  in  voice;  quoique. 

ou  has  the  sound  of  ou  in  out;  joudex. 

ui  has  the  sound  of  i  in  ice;  huic. 

ei,  oi,  and  ou  are  rarely  used  as  diphthongs. 

ui  is  found  only  in  cui,  hui,  and  huic. 

The  combinations  ua,  ue,  ui,  uo,  and  uu  are  not  treated  as  diph- 
thongs, u  either  forming  a  distinct  syllable,  or  having  the  force  of  the 
consonant  w,  (J). 

CONSONANTS. 

Assibilation. 

1.  Before  e,  i,  y,  ae,  and  oe,  c  has  the  sound  of  s  in  sin, 
and  ^  the  sound  ofy  m  jest :  centum,  cinis,  cygnus  ;  coelum, 
genus,  gingiva, 

(a)  In  other  situations  c  and  g  have  their  hard  sounds. 

2.  When  ci,  si,  ti,  and  xi  follow  an  accented  syllable, 
and  are  followed  by  a  vowel,  r  and  /  have  the  sound  of  sh,  s 
(except  in  a  few  proper  names),  the  sound  of  zh,  and  x  the 
sound  of  ksh  ;  acies,  Persius,  natio,  otium,  ocior,  anxius,  but 
As{sh)ia,  likewise  Theodosia,  Sosia, 

3.  When  c  follows  an  accented  syllable,  and  is  followed  by  ett  or  yo,  it  has  the 
sound  of  sh  ;  caduceus,  Sicyon. 

(i&)  t  retains  its  pure  sound  after  j,  /,  and  x ;  in  old  infinitives  in  -ier,  and  in 
proper  names  in  -Hon. 

(i)  s  final,  after  e,  ae]  au,  b,  m,  n,  and  r  has  the  sound  of 
z;  res,  aes,  laus,  urhs,  hiems,  amans,  ai's, 

(2)  s,  between  two  vowels,  has  the  sound  of  z,  when  that  sound  occurs  in  English 
derivatives  in  common  use;   Caesar ,  mttsa,  miser,  resz'dttzim,  rosa. 

4.  X  has  the  sound  of  ks ;  rex^  index ;   but  between  e  or  u  and  an  accented 


20  LATIN   PRONUNCIATION. 

vowel,  and  occasionally  elsewhere,  it  has  the  sound  of  gz^  while  at  the  beginning  of  a 
word  it  has  the  sound  of  z  ;  njcorius,  exemplutn,  exit,  JCanthus. 

5.  In  the  beginning  of  a  word,  ch  before  M,  c  and  p  before  t,  ^and  ni  before  n, 
t  before  m^  and  /  before  s,  are  silent. 

All  other  letters  are  sounded. 


ACCENT. 

There  are  three  systems  of  accentuation,  —  the  logical, 
the  grammatical,  and  the  rhythmical  (March's  Anglo-Saxon 
Grammar,  page  30).  The  rhythmical  prevailed  in  the  Latin. 
Three  different  accents  were  recognized  by  the  Romans, — 
the  acute,  the  grave,  and  the  circumflex.  There  is  some 
doubt  about  the  exact  nature  of  these  accents  (see  Roby's 
Latin  Grammar,  Vol.  I.,  and  Hadley's  Essays,  pp.  124-26). 

The  following  rules  are  now  commonly  used  in  pronounc- 
ing by  the  English  method  :  — 

I.   Words  of  one  syllable  are  accented ;  res,  guts, 

(a-)  Monosyllables  are  often  so  closely  united  with  other  words  in  pronunciation 
as  virtually  to  lose  their  proper  accents. 

IL  Words  of  two  syllables  are  accented  on  the  first ;  erat, 
satis, 

III.  Words  of-  more  than  two  syllables  are  accented  on 
the  penult,  if  that  syllable  is  long  in  quantity,  otherwise  on  the 
antepenult ;  amicus,  dominus,  unius,  volucris, 

IV.  A  second  accent  is  placed  on  the  second  syllable  before  the 
principal  accent,  if  that  syllable  is  long  in  quantity,  or  is  the  first  in  the 
word,  otherwise  on  the  third  ;    debebdter^  multitudines,  multitudinibus. 

(b)  There  is  occasionally  a  third  and  even  a  fourth  accent  in  very 
long  words ;   exerciiatidnibus. 

V.  The  accent  of  an  enclitic  falls  on  the  last  syllable  of  the  word 
to  which  it  is  attached ;  felixque^  dixitne,  itdque,  quibuscum. 

(c)  These  rules  apply  also  to  the  accentuation  of  compound  words;  ddmodum, 
undegue,  Hague  (here  gtte  is  not  enclitic).  A  very  few  exceptions  are  sometimes 
made  in  cases  where  derivatives  of  Latin  compounds  are  in  common  use  in  English. 
Perhaps  it  is  better  to  apply  the  rule  always. 


LATIN  TEXT-BOOKS. 


Allen  and  Greenough's  Latin  Grammar. 

For  Schools  and  Colleges.  Founded  on  comparative  grammar,  revised 
and  enlarged  by  James  Bradstreet  Greenough  assisted  by  George 
L.  Kittredge,  Professors  in  Harvard  University.  Copyright  Edition  of 
1888.  12mo.  Half  leather,  xiii  +  48^  pages.  Mailing  Price,  ^1.30.  Foi 
introduction,  $1.20.    Allowance  for  an  old  book  in  exchange,  40  cents. 

rpO  issue  a  new  edition  of  such  a  book  as  this  Latin  Grammar 

was  in  a  sense  venturesome,  for  the  book  as  it  stood  was  giving 
excellent  satisfaction.  The  hearty  welcome  accorded  the  revision 
has  shown,  however,  that  a  great  advance  has  been  made  where 
improvement  was  not  generally  considered  possible. 

The  aim  was  nothing  less  than  this,  —  to  make  the  grammar  as 
perfect  as  such  a  book  possibly  can  be.  The  latest  conclusions  of 
sound  scholarship  are  presented,  and  everything  is  put  in  the  best 
form  for  use. 

Some  of  the  features  of  the  new  edition  are  its  constant  regard 
for  the  needs  of  the  class-room ;  its  combining  scientific  accuracy 
with  clearness  and  simplicity  of  statement ;  the  intelligibility  and 
quotableness  of  the  rules,  secured  without  concessions  to  mechanical 
ways  of  treating  grammar ;  the  addition  of  much  new  matter  of 
great  value ;  the  marking  of  all  long  vowels ;  the  increase  of  the 
number  of  illustrative  examples;  the  numerous  cross  references; 
the  excellence  of  the  typography ;  and  the  indexes,  glossary,  list  of 
authors,  and  list  of  rules. 

In  short,  "  the  best  has  been  made  better." 

A   FEW   REPRESENTATIVE   OPINIONS. 


Tracy  Peck,  Prof,  of  Latin,  Yale 
University :  The  steady  advances  in 
Latin  scholarship  during  the  last  dec- 
ade, and  the  more  practical  exactions 
of  the  class-ioom,  seem  to  me  to  be 
here  amply  recognized.  At  several 
points  I  notice  that  the  essential 
facts  of  the  language  are  stated  with 
greater  clearness,  and  that  thttre  is 


a  richer  suggestiveness  as  to  the  ra- 
tionale of  constructions.  The  book 
will  thus  be  of  quicker  service  to 
younger  students,  and  a  better  equip- 
ment and  stimulus  to  teachers  and 
more  advanced  scholars. 

John  K.  Lord,  Prof,  of  Latin,  Dart- 
mouth College,  Hanover,  N.H.:   It 


28 


LATIN   TEXT-BOOKS. 


Is  a  great  advance  upon  the  former 
edition.  Degrees  of  excellence  are 
difficult  to  estimate,  but  it  is  safe  to 
say  the  grammar  is  doubled  in  value. 
It  has  gained  very  much  that  was 
lacking  before  by  way  of  illustration, 
and  especially  in  fulness  and  clear- 
ness of  statement.  It  represents  the 
latest  results  of  classical  scholarship 
in  a  way  that  is  intelligible  to  young 
students. 

Harold  N.  Fowler,  Instructor  in 
Latin,  Phillips  Exeter  Academy  : 
Allen  &  Greenough's  Latin  Gram- 
mar has  always  been  the  most  sci- 
entific Latin  grammar  published  in 
the  United  States.  The  new  edi- 
tion has  been  revised  in  such  a 
way  as  to  retain  the  excellence  of 
its  predecessors  and  embody  the  re- 
sults of  the  latest  researches. . . .  The 
new  edition  is  also  greatly  superior 
to  the  earlier  ones  in  clearness  of  ex- 
pression and  in  the  arrangement  and 
appearance  of  the  printed  page.  .  .  . 
In  short,  the  book  seems  to  me  admir- 
ably adapted  for  use  in  schools  and 
colleges,  containing  as  it  does  all  that 
the  college  youth  needs,  expressed  in 
language  which  the  school-boy  can 
understand. 

John  Tetlow,  Head  Master  of  Girls' 
High  and  Latin  Schools,  Boston  : 
The  changes,  whether  in  the  direction 
of  simplification,  correction,  or  addi- 
tion—  and  there  are  numerous  in- 
stances of  each  kind  of  change  — 
seem  to  me  distinctly  to  have  im- 
proved a  book  which  was  already 
excellent. 

William  C.  Collar,  Head  Master 
of  Roxhury  Latin  School,  Boston: 
Up  to  the  present  moment  I  have 
been  obliged  to  limit  my  examination 
of  the  revised  edition  of  Allen  & 
Greenough's  Latin  Grammar  mainly 
to  the  Syntax,  but  for  that  I  have 
only  words  of  the  heartiest  praise. 


So  far,  its  superiority  to  other  Latin 
grammars  for  school  use  seems  to  me 
incontestable.  I  am  also  struck  with 
the  skill  with  which  a  multitude  of 
additions  and  improvements  have 
been  wrought  into  this  edition,  with- 
out materially  affecting  the  unity  or 
symmetry  of  the  original  work. 

Franklin  A.  Dakin,  Teacher  oj 
Latin,  St.  Johnshury  Academy,  Vt. : 
During  seven  years'  constant  use  in 
the  class-room,  I  have  always  re- 
garded the  Allen  &  Greenough  as  the 
best  of  the  school  grammars.  .  .  . 
The  improvements  make  the  supe- 
riority more  marked  than  ever. 

D.  W.  Abercrombie,  Prin.  of  TTor- 
cester  {Mass.)  Academy :  In  my  opin- 
ion, it  has  no  equal  among  books  on 
the  same  subject  intended  for  use  ic 
secondary  schools. 

J.  W.  Scudder,  Teacher  of  Latin, 
Albany  Academy, N.  Y.:  The  changes 
will  commend  themselves  to  all  good 
teachers.  The  grammar  is  now  schol- 
arly and  up  to  the  times.  It  is  by 
far  the  best  grammar  published  in 
America  for  school  work. 

W.  B.  Owen,  Prof,  of  Latin,  Lafay- 
ette College,  Easton,  Pa. :  I  am  much 
pleased  with  the  changes.  They  are 
all  improvements. 

George  W.  Harper,  Prin.  of  Wood- 
ward High  School,  Cincinnati,  0.:' 
I  thought  Allen  &  Greenough's  Latin 
Grammar  could  hardly  be  surpassed, 
but  the  revised  edition  is  a  decided 
improvement. 

Lucius  Heritage,  late  Prof,  of 
Latin,  Univ.  of  Wisconsin,  Madison, 
Wis. :  We  have  long  •  used  the  old 
edition  here ;  the  new  edition  I  have 
examined  with  some  care  in  the  form 
of  the  bound  volume  as  well  as  in 
the  proof-sheets.  I  think  it  the  best 
manual  grammar  for  our  preparatory 
schools  and  colleges. 


30  LATIN   TEXT-BOOKS. 

The  Beginner's  Latin  Book. 

Complete  with  Grammar,  Exercises,  Selections  for  Translating,  and 
t/ocabulary. 

By  William  C.  Collar,  A.M.,  Head  Master  Roxbury  Latin  School,  and 
M.  Grant  Daniell,  A.M.,  Principal  Chauncy-Hall  School,  Boston. 
12mo.  Cloth,  xii  +  283  pages.  Mailing  price,  ^.10 ;  for  introduction, 
$1.00 ;  allowance  for  an  old  book  in  exchange,  35  cents. 

"VrOW  that  the  Beginner's  Latin  Book  has  been  before  the  public 
nearly  five  years,  the  publishers  are  able  to  say  without  hesita- 
tion that  it  has  been  far  more  successful  than  any  other  introduc- 
tory Latin  book  ever  published  in  this  country.  This  remarkable 
result  is  due  to  a  combination  of  excellences  so  skilfully  blended 
that  effects  are  more  patent  than  causes.  While  the  book  may  be 
used  as  an  introduction  to  Caesar,  it  is  more  than  this,  —  it  is  an 
introduction  to  Latin  as  a  language.  It  prepares  the  student  not 
only  to  begin  the  study  of  Caesar,  but,  with  proper  guidance,  to 
make  remarkably  rapid  and  satisfactory  progress  in  reading  and 
understanding  Latin.  The  skill  of  the  authors  as  teachers  has 
enabled  them  to  secure  these  larger  results  without  deviation  from 
the  main  line  or  increase  of  difficulties.  The  fundamental  idea  was 
to  combine  the  utmost  practice  with  the  minimum  of  theory,  on 
the  principle  that  a  thorough  acquisition  of  the  elements  of  Latin 
by  the  young  learner  must  be  more  a  process  than  a  science,  more 
the  work  of  observation,  comparison,  and  imitation  than  the  me- 
chanical following  of  rules  or  the  exercise  of  analysis  and  conscious 
inductive  reasoning.  There  are  therefore  abundant  and  varied 
exercises  on  the  forms  and  more  important  constructions  of  the 
language.  The  skilful  choice  of  words  has  made  it  possible  to 
provide  exercises  that  are  in  themselves  interesting.  The  colloquia 
(simple  Latin  dialogues),  the  extracts  for  translation,  introduced 
as  early  as  possible,  and  the  mode  of  treatment  throughout  are 
made  to  impart  attractiveness,  freshness,  and  variety,  though  there 
is  no  sacrifice  of  rigorous  scientific  method.  Even  if  the  time 
allowed  for  Latin  the  first  year  is  quite  limited,  teachers  may  still 
be  able  to  carry  classes  through  the  book  by  omitting  certain  de- 
tachable portions  of  the  course.  Provision  has  been  made  for  the 
practical  use  of  Latin  in  oral  teaching. 

Note  the  testimony  of  those  who  have  used  It. 


LATIK  TEXT-BOOKS. 


31 


John  Williams  White,  Harvard 
College^  Author  of  ^^  First  Lessons 
in  Greek,"  etc.:  It  is  at  once  sym- 
metrical in  arrangement,  clear  in 
statement,  scholarly  in  execution, 
and  sufficient  in  amount. 

Andrew  F.  West,  Prof,  of  Latin, 
Princeton  College:  It  is  decidedly 
the  best  beginner's  book  with  which 
I  am  acquainted. 

H.  A.  Kennert,  Instr.  in  Ancient 
Lang.,  Univ.  of  Pennsylvania :  I 
have  never  seen  a  book  that  made 
the  beginning  of  Latin  so  interest- 
ing, nor  one  in  which  every  fact  of 
the  language  is  so  well  explained. 

L.  B.  Hall,  Associate  Prof,  of 
Latin,  Oherlin  College,  Ohio:  I  think 
it  more  satisfactory  than  anything 
else  of  the  kind  I  have  seen. 

G.  W.  Manley,  Prof,  of  Latin, 
Wake  Forest  College:  It  impresses 
me  as  the  best  thing  in  the  market 
for  first-year  students  in  Latin. 

S.  E.  Thompson,  Prof,  of  Latin, 
Baylor  Univ.,  Tex.:  The  enthusiasm 
with  which  our  beginners  have  been 
inspired  this  year  leads  me  to  say 
that  instead  of  being  a  dead  lan- 
guage, Latin  is  now  one  of  the  livest 
languages  taught  in  our  course. 

A.  C.  Perkins,  Prin.  Adelphi  Acad- 
emy, Brooklyn :  For  the  second  year 
we  are  using  it  with  increasing  satis- 
faction. The  hand  of  a  wise  and  skil- 
ful teacher  is  manifest  on  every  page. 

F.  A.  Hill,  Prin.  of  High  School, 
Cambridge,  Mass.:  It  is  working 
admirably. 

M.  S.  Bartlett,  High  School,  Ha- 
verhill^ Mass. :  I  am  using  it  with  a 


large  class,  and  find  it  altogether  the 
most  satisfactory  book  that  I  know 
of  for  beginners  in  the  study  of  Latin. 

C.  T.  Bonney,  Jr.,  Teacher  of 
Latin,  High  School,  Neio  Bedford, 
Mass. :  We  have  used  it  for  two 
years,  and  consider  it  by  far  the  best 
book  we  have  tried  yet. 

E.  C.  Adams,  Prin.  High  School, 
Neiohuryport,  Mass.:  The  longer  I 
use  the  book,  the  more  it  pleases  me, 

John  H.  Peck,  Priri.  Neio  Britain 
High  School,  New  Britain,  Conn.: 
I  am  free  to  say  that  I  am  perfectly 
satisfied  with  it;  at  least,  I  have 
never  used  a  beginner's  Latin  book 
that  I  liked  nearly  so  well.* 

H.  P.  Warren,  Prin.  of  Boys* 
Academy,  Albany,  N.Y. :  It  is  the 
model  book  for  beginners,  —  incom- 
parably the  best  book  we  have  tried. 

E.  M.  Jones,  PiHn.  Penn  Charter 
School,  Philadelphia :  It  seems  to  me 
the  best  introductory  Latin  book  yet 
produced  in  this  country. 

J.  C.  Shattuck,  Svpt.  Schools,  St. 
Clair,  Mich. :  It  has  had  a  practical 
test  with  a  large  class,  and  is  giving 
better  results  in  every  way  than  I 
had  even  hoped  to  obtain. 

Wallace  P.  Dick,  Vice-Prin.  Cen- 
tral State  Normal  School,  Pa.:  My 
class  is  improving  rapidly.  It  is  a 
superb  little  book. 

W.  E.  Waters,  Teacher  of  Latin, 
Hughes  High  School,  Cincinnati: 
None  of  my  pupils  have  to  my 
knowledge  become  discouraged  over 
their  Latin  lessons  as  they  used  to. 

H.  S.  Lehr,  Pres.  Ohio  Normal 
Univ., Ada :  It  saves  us  a  term's  work. 


Latine  Reddenda. 

The  English-Latin  Exercises  from  The  Beginner* s  Latin  Book. 

With  Glossarium  Grammaticum.     12mo.    41  pages.    Paper.     Price  by 

mail  and  for  introduction,  20  cents. 

With  Glossarium  Grammaticum  and  English-Latin  Vocabulary.    12mo. 

68  pages.    Cloth.    Mailing  price,  33  •ents ;  for  introduction,  30  cents. 


82  LATIN   TEXT-BOOKS. 

New  Latin  Method, 

A  Manual  of  Instruction  in  Latin,  on  the  basis  of  Allen  &  Greenough's 
Latin  Method,  prepared  by  J.  H.  Allen.  12mo.  Cloth.  263  pages. 
Mailing  Price,  $1.00;  Introduction,  90  cents;  Allowance,  30  cents. 

A    FULL  year's  course  in  Latin,  which  can  be  studied  without 

the  grammar.     The  book  has  been  prepared  from  the  point  of 

view  of  the  elementary  class-room,  and  is  specially  valuable  as  an 

introduction  to  Caesar,  to  Latin  composition,  and  to  sight-reading. 

Gradatim. 

An  easy  Latin  Translation  book  for  beginners.  By  Heatley  and  King- 
don.  Revised  for  American  schools  by  W.  C.  Collar,  Head  Master  of 
the  Roxbury  Latin  School,  Boston.  l()mo.  Cloth,  viii  + 139  pages. 
Mailing  Price,  45  cents ;  Introduction,  40  cents. 

TT  is  a  charming  reading  book  for  young  scholars,  in  easy  but  pure 
Latin,  and  may  be  used  to  precede  Caesar,  or  as  a  companion  and 
supplement  to  the  Beginner's  Latin  Book  or  its  equivalent.     The 
English  edition  has  met  with  an  enormous  sale  in  England. 

W.  G.  Lord,  Prin.  of  Rugby  School,  I  niche.  My  class  is  aroused  to  new 
Covington,  Ky,:    It  filled  just  the  I  life  by  it.    (iVot;.  11, 1889.) 

First  Steps  in  Latin. 

By  R.  F.  Leighton,  Ph.D.  (Lips.),  Principal  of  the  Fall  River  (Mass.) 
High  School,  Author  of  Critical  History  of  Cicero's  Epistulae  ad 
Familiares,  History  of  RomCy  Latin  Lessons,  Greak  Lessons,  etc.  12mo, 
Half -morocco.  518  pages.  Mailing  Price,  $1.25 ;  for  Introduction,  $1.12  ; 
allowance  for  an  old  book  in  exchange,  35  cents. 

rpHE  aim  of  this  book  is  to  furnish  young  pupils  who  are  none 
too  well  equipped  in  English  grammar  a  complete  course  in 
Latin  for  one  year.  It  contains  Grammar,  Exercises,  and  Vocabu- 
lary, based  on  material  drawn  from  Caesar,  with  exercises  for  sight- 
reading,  and  a  course  of  elementary  Latin  reading. 

The  review  of  English  grammar  at  the  beginning,  and  the  fre- 
quent illustrative  i-eferences  to  English  forms  and  constructions  are 
important  features  of  this  book.  Special  attention  has  been  given 
to  order  and  arrangement. 

ChSiTlesTi8h,Prin.of  High  School,  C.  M.  Lowe,  formerly  Prof,  of 
Brunswick,  Me. :  In  my  judgment  it  Latin,  Heidelberg  College,  0. :  I  wel- 
ls an  admirable  book  for  the  first  come  Leighton's  First  Steps  in  Latin 
year  in  Latin,  and  ought  to  have  a  as  a  full,  clear,  and  systematic  course 
wide  circulation.     {March  29,  1886.)  for  the  first  year.     {April  14,  1886.) 


LATIN  TEXT-BOOKS. 


33 


Leighton's  Latin  Lessons. 


By  R.  F.  Leighton,  Ph.D.  (Lips.),  Principal  of  the  Fall  River  (Mass.) 
High  School.  Revised  Edition,  with  full  Vocabularies  prepared  by  R.  F. 
Pennell.  12rao.  Half-morocco,  xviii -f- 357  pages.  Mailing  price,  $1.25; 
for  introduction,  $1.12;  allowance,  35  cents. 

TDREPARED  to  accompany  Allen  &  Greenough's  Latin  Gram- 
mar.    Containing  also  references  to  the  grammars  of  Andrews 
and  Stoddard,  Harkness,  and  Gildersleeve.    A  thoroughly  approved 
text-book. 


W.  C.  Morey,  Prof,  of  Latin,  Roch- 
ester University :  I  would  especially 
recommend  it  and  the  Grammar  as 
admirably  calculated  to  facilitate  the 
study  of  Latin  for  beginners. 


Merrill  E.  Gates,  Pres.  of  Rutgers 
College :  I  have  used  it  with  greater 
satisfaction  than  I  have  known  in 
the  use  of  any  other  book  of  exer- 
cises in  Latin. 


Tetlow's  Inductive  Latin  Lessons. 

By  John  Tetlow,  Principal  Girls'  High  and  Latin  Schools,  Boston. 
Illustrated.  12mo.  Half-morocco,  xi  +  340  pages.  Mailing  Price,  ^1.25 ; 
Introduction,  $1.12.    Allowance  for  old  book,  35  cents. 

rPHE  particular  attention  of  teachers  is  invited  to  these  points  : 
the  strictly  inductive  method ;  the  sentences  for  translation 
all  drawn  from  classical  authors  ;  the  adoption  of  reforms  in  Latin 
orthography ;  quantities  carefully  marked ;  early  introduction  of 
connected  translation  and  of  the  study  of  word  formation ;  the 
exact  etymologies  of  the  vocabulary ;  illustrations,  etc. 

Moses  Merrill,  Head  Master  of 
Latin  Schoolf  Boston,  Mass. :  It 
brings  to  us  the  latest  results  of 


scholarship  and  scientific  treatment 
in  elementary  Latin.  The  plan  of 
the  work  is  safe  and  practical. 


Six  Weelis'  Preparation  for  Reading  Ccesar. 

A  New  Edition.  Designed  to  accompany  a  Grammar,  and  to  prepare 
pupils  for  reading  at  sight.  Adapted  to  Allen  &  Greenough's,  Gilder- 
sleeve's,  and  Harkness'  Grammars.  By  James  M.  Whiton,  formerly 
Principal  of  Williston  Seminary.  18mo.  Cloth.  107  pages.  Mailing 
Price,  45  cents ;  Introduction,  40  cents.   Allowance  for  old  book,  15  cents. 

T^HE  special  object  pursued  is  that  early  familiarity  with  the 
inflections  and  common  concords  of  the  Latin,  which  is  at  the 
foundation  of  all  accurate  scholarship.  Everything  for  which  a 
grammar  needs  to  be  consulted,  except  the  paradigms,  is  put  before 
the  eye  in  connection  with  the  lesson.  The  method  is  based  upon 
a  long  and  successful  experience. 


34 


LATIN  TEXT-BOOKS. 


Allen  &  Greenough's  New  Ccesar, 

Seven  Books.     Illustrated.     With  six  double-page  colored  maps. 

Edited  by  Prof.  W.  F,  Allen,  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin,  J.  H. 
Allen,  of  Cambridge,  and  H.  P.  Judson,  Professor  of  History,  Univer. 
sity  of  Minnesota,  with  a  special  Vocabulary  by  Prof.  J.  B.  Greenough, 
of  Harvard  College.  12mo.  xxvi  +  543  pages,  red  edges,  bound  in  half- 
morocco.  Mailing  Price,  $1.35;  for  introduction,  $1.25 ;  Allowance  for 
an  old  book  in  exchange,  40  cents. 

A  TTENTIO^  is  invited  to  these  features,  which,  with  othei 
merits,  have  gained  this  edition  an  extraordinary  success  :  — 

1.  The  judicious  notes,  —  their  full  grammatical  references, 
crisp,  idiomatic  renderings,  scholarly  interpretations  of  difficult 
passages,  clear  treatment  of  indirect  discourse,  the  helpful  maps, 
diagrams,  and  pictures ;  in  particular,  the  military  notes,  throw- 
ing light  on  the  text,  and  giving  life  and  reality  to  the  narrative. 

2.  The  vocabulary,  —  convenient,  comprehensive,  and  schol- 
arly, combining  the  benefits  of  the  full  lexicon  with  the  advantages 
of  the  special  vocabulary,  and  every  way  superior  to  the  ordinary 
vocabulary. 

3.  The  mechanical  features  of  the  volume,  its  clear  type,  con- 
venient size  and  shape,  superior  paper,  and  attractive  binding. 

4.  In  general,  this  edition  represents  the  combined  -work 
of  several  specialists  in  different  departments,  and  so  ought 
to  excel  an  edition  edited  by  any  single  scholar. 

The  Notes  on  the  second  book  have  just  been  rewritten  to  adapt 
them  for  those  who  begin  Caesar  with  this  book.  Full  grammati- 
cal references  have  been  given. 


Tracy  Peck,  Prof,  of  Latiiiy  Yale 
CoUefje:  With  quite  unusual  satis- 
faction I  have  noticed  the  beautiful 
paper  and  type ;  the  carefully  edited 
text ;  the  truly  helpful  notes,  which 
neither  tend  to  deaden  enthusiasm 
with  superfluous  grammar,  nor  blink 
real  difficulties;  the  very  valuable 
illustrations  and  remarks  on  the 
Eoman  military  art;  and  the  schol- 
arly and  stimulating  vocabulary. 

John  Tetlow,  Prin.  of  Girls*  High 
and  Latin  Schools,  Boston :  The 
clear    type,    judicious    annotation, 


copious  pictorial  illustration,  full 
explanation  of  terms  and  usages  be- 
longing to  the  military  art,  and  ex 
cellent  vocabulary,  combine  to  make 
this  edition  easily  first  among  the 
school  editions  of  Caesar. 

G.  W.  Shurtleff,  Prof,  of  Latin, 
Oberlin  {Ohio)  College:  I  do  not 
hesitate  to  pronounce  it  the  best  edi» 
tion  I  have  ever  seen. 

J.  L.  Lampson,  Teacher  of  Latin, 
State  Normal  College,  Nashville, 
Tenn.:  It  is  the  best  Caesar  puk» 
lished. 


LATIK   TEXT-BOOKS.  35 

Allen  &  Greenough's  New  Cicero, 

Thirteen  Orations,     Illustrated. 

Edited  by  Prof.  W.  F,  Allen,  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin,  J.  H. 
Allen,  of  Cambridge,  and  Prof.  J.  B.  Greenough,  of  Harvard  Univer- 
sity. With  a  special  Vocabulary  by  Professor  Greenough.  12mo.  Half- 
morocco.  xix  +  670  pages.  Mailing  Price,  ^1.40 ;  for  introduction,  $1.25 ; 
Allowance  for  an  old  book  in  exchange,  40  cents. 

rpmS  edition  includes  thirteen  orations  arranged  chronologi- 
cally, and  covering  the  entire  public  life  of  Cicero.  The  intro- 
ductions connect  the  orations,  and,  with  them,  supply  a  complete 
historical  study  of  this  most  interesting  and  eventful  period.  The 
Life  of  Cicero,  List  of  his  Writings,  and  Chronological  Table  will 
be  found  of  great  value.  The  orations  are  :  Defence  of  Roscius, 
Impeachment  of  Verres  {The  Plunder  of  Syracuse  and  Crucifixion 
of  a  Roman  Citizen),  The  Manilian  Law,  the  four  orations  against 
Catiline,  For  Archias,  For  Sestius,  For  Milo,  The  Pardon  of  Mar- 
cellus.  For  Ligarius,  and  the  Fourteenth  Philippic. 

The  notes  have  been  thoroughly  rewritten  in  the  light  of  the 
most  recent  investigations  and  the  best  experience  of  the  class- 
room. Topics  of  special  importance,  as,  for  instance,  the  Antiqui- 
ties, are  given  full  treatment  in  brief  essays  or  excursuses,  printed 
in  small  type.  References  are  given  to  the  grammars  of  Allen  & 
Oreenough,  Gildersleeve,  and  Harkness. 


A.  E.  Chase,  Prin.  of  High  School, 
Portland,  Me.:  I  am  full  better 
pleased  with  it  than  with  the  others 
of  the  series,  although  I  thought 
those  the  best  of  the  kind. 

F.  E.  Rockwood,  Prof.  Latin, 
Bucknell  University,  Pa. :  The  work 
of  editing  seems  to  have  been  done 
with  the  utmost  care.  The  result  is 
a  model  text-book. 

0.  D.  Eobinson,  Pi-in.  of  High 
School,  Albany,  N.  Y. :  I  find  it  a 
worthy  companion,  in  every  way,  of 
its  two  predecessors,  the  Virgil  and 
the  Caesar.    I  can  say  no  more  than 


this  in  its  praise,  for  I  have  already 
spoken  sincerely,  in  almost  unquali- 
fied terms,  of  these  two  books. 

John  L.  Lampson,  Prof,  of  Latin, 
State  Normal  College,  Nashville, 
Tenn. :  The  text,  in  appearance  and 
authority,  is  the  best;  the  notes, 
ample,  judicious,  modern ;  the  vocab- 
ulary is  the  best  school-book  vocab- 
ulary published. 

L.  B.  Wharton,  Prof.  Latin,  Col- 
lege of  William  and  Mary :  It  is  the 
best  school  edition  of  Cicero's  Ora- 
tions that  I  have  ever  seen.  The  vo- 
cabulary is  admirable. 


Allen  &  Greenough 's  Cicero,    nc  oid  Edition. 

Eight  Orations  and  Notes,  with  Vocabulary.    Mailing  price,  $1.25 ;  for 
introduction,  $1.12. 


36  LATIN. 

Allen  and  Greenough's  New  Quid. 

Revised  edition.    Edited  by  Harold  N.  Fowler,  Instructor  in  Latin 
in  Phillips  Exeter  Academy ;  with  a  special  vocabulary  by  James  B. 
Greenough,  of  Harvard  University.    12nio.    Half  leather.    Illustrated. 
I.  With  vocabulary,  by  mail,  $1.65;  for  introduction,  $1.50. 
n.  Without  vocabulary,  by  mail,  $1.25;  for  introduction,  $1.12. 
Allowances  respectively  40  and  30  cents. 

rpHE  editor  believes  that  the  poems  of  Ovid  are,  as  regards  both 
style  and  subject-matter,  admirably  adapted  to  serve  as  an 
introduction  to  the  study  of  Latin  Poetry.  He  has  therefore  fur- 
nished the  book  with  copious  notes  suited  to  the  needs  of  young 
students,  supplemented  with  grammatical  references  and  an  intro- 
duction on  the  life  and  works  of  Ovid,  and  on  mythology. 

The  selections  were  chosen  with  a  view  to  making  the  study  of 
Latin  interesting.  Most  of  them  are  from  the  Metamorphoses,  of 
which  about  one-third  has  been  taken.  By  help  of  the  argument, 
which  is  given  in  full,  the  editor  has  endeavored  not  merely  to 
show  the  connection  of  the  tales  and  the  ingenuity  of  the  transi- 
tions,—  necessary  to  comprehend  the  poem  as  a  whole,  —  but  to 
put  before  the  reader  something  like  a  complete  picture  of  the 
Greek  mythology,  at  least  of  those  narratives  which  have  held 
their  permanent  place  in  the  modern  mind  and  have  entered  more 
or  less  into  every  modern  literature. 

The  first  eighty-eight  lines  of  Book  I.  have  been  omitted  because 
of  their  difficulty  and  lack  of  interest.  From  the  Fasti  three  selec- 
tions are  given  ;  from  the  Heroides,  one  ;  from  the  Amores,  three ; 
from  the  Tristia,  five  ;  and  of  the  letters  from  Pontus,  one.  Special 
care  has  been  taken  to  preserve  the  more  interesting  biographical 
hints  of  the  lesser  poems. 

Professor  Greenough's  vocabulary,  similar  in  style  and  character 
to  his  Caesar,  Cicero,  and  Virgil  vocabularies,  will  doubtless  be  ready 
before  the  autumn  of  1891.  In  the  meantime  Allen's  Lexicon 
will  fill  its  place. 

William  A.  Packard,  Prof,  of 
Latin,  Princeton  College  :  The  abun- 
dant illustrations  of  mythology,  now 
introduced,  so  specially  appropriate 
and  indeed  necessary  to  the  stu- 
dent's best  appreciation  of  these 
poems,  make  this  book  peculiarly 
attractive  and  useful. 


Mary  S.  Anthony,  Teacher  of  Latin 
and  Greek,  Bradford  Academy, 
Mass.:  I  find  that  it  is  admirably 
arranged  for  a  comprehensive  study 
of  the  metamorphoses.  I  like,  in 
fact,  the  entire  Allen  &  Greenough 
series,  and  have  introduced  them 
into  my  work  here  in  the  Academy. 


I*ATIK  TEXT-BOOKS* 


37 


Greenough's  VirgiL 


Fully  annotated,  for  School  and  College  Use,  by  J.  B.  Greenough,  ol 
Harvard  University.    Supplied  in  the  following  editions :  — 


Mail. 
Price. 

Bucolics,  and  Six  Books  of  ^neid,  vnth.  Vocab.    .    .    .    $1.75 

Bucolics,  and  Six  Books  of  ^neid,  without  Vocab.  .     .       1.25 

Bucolics,  Georgics,  and  the  -ffi^neid  complete,  with  Notes,  1.75 

Georgics,  and  last  Six  Books  of  .ffineid,  with  Notes     .     .1.25 

Vocabulary  to  Virgil's  Complete  Works i.io 

Complete  Text  of  Virgil 85 


Allow. 
Old  Book 

$0.40 


Intro. 
Price. 

$1.60 

1. 12 

1.60 

Z.X2 

X.OO 

•75 

a   Synopsis 
. '    Also  full 


/CONTAINING    Life   of  the   Poet,   Introductions, 
preceding  each   Book,  and  an  Index  of   Plants 
illustrations  from  ancient  objects  of  art. 

The  text  follows  Ribbeck  in  the  main,  variations  being  noted  in 
the  margin ;  and  the  references  are  to  Allen  &  Greenough's,  Gil- 
dersleeve's,  and  Harkness's  Latin  Grammars. 


Tracy  Peck,  Prof,  of  LatiUy  Yale 
College:  The  Vocabulary,  both  in 
plan  and  execution,  is  superior  to 
any  schoolbook  vocabulary  known 
to  me. 

E.  P.  Crowell,  Prof,  of  Latin, 
Amherst  College^  In  all  respects  a 
very  scholarly  and  excellent  edition. 


Jno.  K.  Lord,  Prof,  of  Latin,  Dart* 
mouth  College :  The  best  school  edi- 
tion of  the  works  of  Virgil  with  which 
I  am  acquainted. 

F.  E.  Lord,  Prof,  of  Latin,  Welles- 
ley  College:  There  is  an  admirable 
richness  and  appropriateness  to  the 
notes. 


Allen  and  Greenough's  Latin  Composition. 

An  Elementary  Guide  to  Writing  in  Latin.  Part  I.,  Constructions  of 
Syntax;  Part  IL,  Exercises  in  Translation.  12mo.  Cloth.  194  pages. 
Mailing  price,  $1.25;  introduction,  $1.12;  allowance,  35  cents. 

rpHE  special  feature  of  the  Composition  is,  that  its  instructions 
are  given  throughout  from  the  English  point  of  view. 

Allen  &  Greenough's  Sallust 

The  Conspiracy  of  Catiline  as  related  by  Sallust.  With  lAtroductiou 
and  Notes  explanatory  and  historical.  12mo.  Cloth.  96  pages.  Mail- 
ing price,  65  cents ;  for  introduction,  60  cents. 

Allen  &  Greenough's  De  Senectute, 

Cicero's  Dialogue  on  Old  Age.  With  Introduction  (on  the  adoption  in 
Rome  of  the  Greek  philosophy)  and  Notes.  12mo.  Cloth.  67  pages. 
Mailing  price,  55  cents ;  for  introduction,  50  cents. 


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